Introduction to Phonology

Preface
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Format
1.2 Audience
1.3 Terminology and Notation
1.4 A Special Note on the Transcription of Korean

2 Articulatory Phonetics
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Transcription
2.2.1 The International Phonetic Alphabet
2.2.2 Alternatives to the IPA
2.3 Manner of Articulation
2.3.1 Voicing
2.3.2 Plosives
2.3.3 Fricatives
2.3.4 Affricates
2.3.5 Nasals
2.3.6 Approximants
2.4 Place of Articulation
2.4.1 Labial Sounds
2.4.2 Dental Sounds
2.4.3 Alveolar Sounds
2.4.4 Palatal Sounds
2.4.5 Retroflex Sounds
2.4.6 Velar Sounds
2.4.7 Uvular Sounds
2.4.8 Pharyngeal Sounds
2.4.9 Glottal Sounds
2.5 Airstream Mechanism
2.5.1 Egressive versus Ingressive Airstream
2.5.2 Pulmonic Action
2.5.3 Glottalic Action
2.5.4 Velaric Action
2.6 State of the Glottis
2.6.1 Open versus Closed
2.6.2 Vibration
2.7 Secondary Articulations
2.7.1 Gemination
2.7.2 Aspiration
2.7.3 Palatalization
2.7.4 Labialization
2.7.5 Globalization
2.7.6 Velarization

3 Articulatory Phonetics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Nature of Vowels
3.3 Vowel Criteria
3.4 Cardinal Vowels
3.5 Secondary Articulations
3.5.1 Vowel Length
3.5.2 Tense/Lax Distinctions
3.5.3 Advanced Tongue Root
3.5.4 Nasalization
3.6 Diphthongs
3.7 Syllabic Sonorants
3.8 The Vowels of English
3.9 Suprasegmentals
3.9.1 Tone
3.9.2 Stress
3.9.3 Pitch Accent
3.9.4 Intonation

4 The Phoneme
4.1 Native Speaker Judgments
4.2 Abstractness
4.3 Contrast vs. Predictability
4.3.1 Complementary Distribution
4.3.2 Phonetic Similarity
4.3.3 Minimal Pairs
4.3.4 Phonemic Overlapping
4.4 Doing Phonemic Analysis
4.5 Phonemics and Writing Systems
4.6 English Vowel Length: Further Considerations
4.7 Phonological Symmetry
4.8 Free Variation

5 Distinctive Features
5.1 Features
5.2 Why Distinctive Features?
5.3 Jakobsonian Features
5.4 Defining Features
5.5 The Distinctive Features
5.5.1 Major Class Features
5.5.2 Manner Features
5.5.3 Laryngeal Features
5.5.4 Cavity Features
5.5.5 Secondary Articulations
5.5.6 Prosodic Features
5.6 Markedness
5.7 Feature Value Redundancy
5.8 Underspecification

6 Phonological Processes and Rules
6.1 Rule Formalism
6.2 Feature-changing rules
6.3 Feature-Adding or -Filling
6.4 Rule Ordering
6.4.1 Feeding and Bleeding
6.4.2 Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Rule Ordering
6.4.3 The Elsewhere Condition
6.5 Phonological Processes
6.5.1 Insertion
6.5.2 Syncope/Deletion
6.5.3 Vowel Reduction
6.5.4 Assimilation
6.5.5 Dissimilation
6.5.6 Neutralization
6.5.7 Vowel Harmony
6.5.8 Nasalization
6.5.9 Palatalization
6.5.10 Spirantization
6.5.11 Metathesis
6.6 Naturalness

7 The Syllable
7.1 Motivation for the Syllable
7.1.1 Linearity without Hierarchy
7.1.2 Phonological Domains
7.2 Representation of the Syllable
7.2.1 Types of Syllables
7.2.2 Timing Slots
7.3 Vowel Length and Syllable Structure
7.4 Syllable Weight
7.5 The Sonority Hierarchy
7.6 Maximal Onset Principle
7.7 Ambisyllabicity

8 The Foot and Beyond
8.1 English Foot Structure
8.1.1 Strong and Weak Syllables
8.1.2 Building Feet
8.2 The Mora
8.2.1 Syllabic versus Moraic Trochees
8.2.2 Why Use Moras?


8.3 The Phonological Word
8.3.1 Small Feet
8.3.2 Stray Syllables
8.4 Some Uses of the Foot in Phonological Analysis
8.4.1 Trisyllabic Shortening
8.4.2 Flapping
8.4.3 English Expletive Insertion

9 English Stress
9.1 Acoustic Correlates of Stress
9.2 English Stress Assignment
9.2.1 Syllable Structure
9.2.2 Syntactic Category
9.2.3 Morphological Structure
9.3 Extrametricality
9.4 Conversion, Stress and Verb/Noun Formation
9.5 Compound Words and Stress
9.5.1 Syntactic Phrase versus Compound
9.5.2 Compound Stress Rule
9.6 The Rhythm of English
9.7 Phrasal Stress
9.8 Metrical Grids

10 Autosegmental Phonology
10.1 The Treatment of Tone
10,2The Skeletal Tier
10.3 Compensatory Lengthening
10.4 The Obligatory Contour Principle
10.5 Spreading
10.5.1 Liaison in French
10.5.2 Linking r
10.5.3 Intrusive r

11 Feature Geometry
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Place Assimilation in English
11.3 The Organization of Features
11.4 Spreading of Features
11.4.1 Place Assimilation in English
11.4.2 Korean Nasal Assimilation
11.5 Insertion
11.5.1 Schwa Insertion in English
11.5.2 Korean Vowel Insertion
11.6 Deletion
11.6.1 Consonant Deletion in English
11.6.2 Consonant Deletion in Korean
11.7 Neutralization
11.7.1 English Neutralization
11.7.2 Korean Plosive Neutralization
11.8 Feature Geometry Rule Conventions

12 Optimality Theory
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Basics
12.3 Principles and Conventions
12.4 Notation
12.5 The Interaction of Constraints
12.5.1 A Case from Korean
12.5.2 English Phonotactics
12.6 Constraining the Constraints

Glossary
Bibliography
Index