본서에 수록된 각 장은 Stone의 저서에서 제시한 네 가지 파트인 정치(Politics), 정책의 목표(Goals), 문제(Problems), 해결책(Solutions)의 하위 챕터들에 맞추어 우리나라의 대표적인 교육정책에서 발생된(혹은 내장된) 패러독스 현상을 분석하고자 하였다. 그녀는 정책의 전 과정에서 나타나는 패러독스 현상에 대해 접근의 성격에 맞게 매우 창의적인 방식으로 이야기를 풀어갔지만, 이 책에서는 연구논문의 형식을 빌어 교육정책을 패러독스적 관점에서 조망하고 분석하고자 하였다. 각 장은 교육행정학연구, 교육학연구, 교육정치학연구 등 등재학술지에 게재된 연구논문을 단행본 챕터의 성격에 맞게 재구성한 것이다. 지난 5년간 “교육정책 패러독스”라는 새로운 관점을 창조적으로 발전시켜 우리나라 교육정책사례들에 적용하여 분석한 결과들을 전문 학술지에 게재하기까지 쉽지 않은 여정이었다. 교육정책 패러독스 관점의 공인을 위해 연구논문을 심사받는 과정에서 새로운 관점에 의한 정책분석을 호의적인 학습의 눈으로 바라보는 심사결과도 있었지만, 새로운 관점에 관해 이해의 폭을 넓히려는 노력보다는 기존의 관점을 고수하면서 근거가 빈약한 비판을 위한 비판을 제기하는 심사들도 있었다. 그렇게 ‘전문성’의 정의는 무엇인지에 대한 의구심과 또한 어떻게 해석되는 것이 바람직한지 상고할 기회도 갖게 해주었다.
본서의 각 장을 집필한 저자들은 고려대학교 대학원 교육학과에서 수학하거나 같이 연구한 전문연구자들이다. 교육정책 학습을 전문적으로 수행하는 학문공동체의 일원으로서 시종일관 학구적인 자세를 견지하며 매번 방학 기간에 다양한 스터디그룹에 참여하여 열심히 공부하고, 공부한 결과들을 연구논문으로 승화시키려는 노력은 많은 희생을 담보하고 있다는 것을 나는 잘 알고 있다. 그것을 자랑스럽고 귀하게 여길 줄 알아야 참 연구자로서의 아카데미즘에 가까이 갈 수 있다고 강조해왔다. 이 책은 바로 그러한 노력의 한 결실이다. 향후 정책 패러독스라는 아이디어 수준의 관점이 교육정책의 패러독스 현상을 좀 더 ‘합리적 구성’이라는 창의적 관점으로 조망하고 분석할 수 있는 구체적 실체화 단계를 넘어 하나의 이론으로 정립되기를 소망해본다. 그 단계에 이르기까지 우리 교육정책 패러독스 학습공동체는 패러독스 관련 원서의 번역과 연구논문 작업 그리고 단행본 발간을 지속적으로 수행하고자 한다.
Contents
서장 교육정책 패러독스의 탐구 관점
1 정책 패러독스의 개념 고찰 ······································································································2
2 정책 패러독스의 탐구 동향 ······································································································6
3 정책 패러독스의 조건과 유형 ································································································11
가. 정책 패러독스의 발생 조건 / 11 나. 정책 패러독스의 유형 / 12
4 교육정책 패러독스의 원인과 결과 ·························································································15
가. 정책 패러독스의 원인 / 16 나. 정책 패러독스 결과 / 19
5 교육정책 패러독스의 종합 모형 ····························································································21
PART 01 정치와 정책 패러독스
CHAPTER 01 국가, 시장 그리고 폴리스: 5·31 교육개혁의 정책 패러독스
1 5·31 교육개혁의 새로운 해석 ·················································································27
2 정책 패러독스와 신자유주의 교육개혁 ·················································································28
가. 정책 패러독스: 국가, 시장, 그리고 폴리스 / 28
나. 신자유주의와 교육개혁 / 33
3 5·31 교육개혁의 패러독스 ···································································································35
가. 5·31 교육개혁의 시대적 배경 / 35
나. 5·31 교육개혁에서 ‘자율성’과 ‘공공성’의 의미 / 38
4 교육개혁의 새로운 방향 ··········································································································43
PART 02 정책 목표와 패러독스
CHAPTER 02 자유와 평등: 사교육비 경감정책의 패러독스
1 사교육비 경감정책의 새로운 해석 ·························································································49
2 사교육비 경감정책과 패러독스 ······························································································51
가. 사교육비 경감정책 / 51 나. 정책 패러독스 / 55
다. 패러독스의 ‘이상한 고리’와 시스템 다이내믹스 / 61
3 분석을 위한 틀 ························································································································65
4 사교육비 경감정책의 패러독스 현상 ·····················································································68
가. 정책 패러독스의 발생구조 / 68 나. 자유-평등 패러독스의 역동적 연속구조 / 70
5 향후 사교육비 경감정책의 개선 ····························································································76
CHAPTER 03 효율성: 농산어촌 소규모학교 통폐합 정책의 패러독스
1 소규모학교 통폐합 정책의 재해석 ························································································80
2 소규모학교 통폐합 정책과 패러독스 ·····················································································81
가. 소규모학교 통폐합 정책 / 81 나. 정책 패러독스와 효율성 / 84
다. 분석을 위한 틀 / 87
3 농산어촌 소규모학교 통폐합 정책의 ‘효율성’ 패러독스 ·····················································89
가. 시장모형 vs 폴리스 모형 / 89 나. 효율성 패러독스 양상 / 93
4 농산어촌 소규모학교 통폐합 정책의 패러독스 현상 분석 ·················································95
가. 정책 목표로서 효율성과 형평성의 충돌 / 95
나. 경제적 비용과 편익에 대한 해석의 충돌 / 96
다. ‘적정규모’에 대한 해석 충돌 / 97
5 소규모학교 통폐합 정책 개선을 위한 제언 ··········································································98
CHAPTER 04 교육복지: 초등돌봄교실 정책의 패러독스
1 초등돌봄교실 정책의 새로운 이해 ·····················································································104
2 초등돌봄교실 정책과 패러독스 ·····························································································105
가. 초등돌봄교실 정책 / 105 나. 교육복지정책의 패러독스 / 106
3 자료의 수집 및 분석 ·············································································································108
가. 자료수집 / 108 나. 자료 분석 / 110
4 초등돌봄교실 정책 패러독스 현상 분석 ··············································································111
가. 운영목적의 패러독스 / 111 나. 운영 주체의 패러독스 / 115
다. 운영내용의 패러독스 / 120
5 정책적 시사점 ·························································································································123
CHAPTER 05 자율성: 대학 구조개혁 정책의 패러독스
1 대학 구조개혁 정책의 새로운 시각 ·····················································································128
2 대학 구조개혁 정책과 패러독스 ···························································································129
가. 대학 구조개혁 정책 / 129 나. 정책 패러독스 / 134
3 분석 틀과 방법 ·······················································································································138
가. 분석 틀 / 138 나. 분석자료 및 분석방법 / 139
4 대학 구조개혁 정책의 패러독스 현상 ·················································································140
가. 정책목표 간의 가치 충돌 / 140
나. 평가지표 및 평가운영 방식을 둘러싼 가치 충돌 / 144
다. 대학 컨설팅을 둘러싼 가치 충돌 / 148
5 향후 대학 구조개혁 정책을 위한 제언 ···············································································149
CHAPTER 06 안전: 코로나19에 따른 학교 교육에서의 패러독스
1 코로나19에 따른 학교 교육의 변화 ····················································································154
2 코로나19의 패러독스 ·············································································································155
3 자료수집 및 분석 ···················································································································158
4 코로나19에 따른 학교 교육에서의 패러독스 현상 ····························································160
가. 학교의 역할 / 160 나. 학교공동체 / 166
다. 구조 / 171
5 정책적 시사점 ·························································································································174
PART 03 정책 문제와 패러독스
CHAPTER 07 상징: 미래교육 정책의 패러독스
1 미래교육 정책의 새로운 이해 ······························································································183
2 미래교육 정책과 패러독스 ····································································································185
가. 미래교육 정책 / 185 나. 교육정책 패러독스와 상징 / 189
다. 분석 틀 / 193
3 미래교육에 관한 상징적 장치 ······························································································195
가. 변화에 관한 이야기 / 195 나. 권력을 활용한 이야기 / 198
다. 비유적 표현을 통한 상징적 선언 / 200
4 미래교육 정책의 패러독스 현상 분석 ·················································································202
가. 미래교육위원회 설립 목표와 현실의 불일치 / 202
나. 미래교육정책의 구체적 실현 방안 부족 / 204
다. 상징의 모호성으로 인한 현장의 자발적 노력 / 206
5 미래교육 정책을 위한 제언 ··································································································209
CHAPTER 08 숫자: 지방교육재정 확보 및 운용과정에서의 정책 패러독스
1 지방교육재정에 대한 정치적 해석 ·······················································································214
2 지방교육재정과 패러독스 ······································································································216
가. 교육재정의 확보와 운용 / 216 나. 정책 패러독스 / 224
3 분석 틀과 방법 ·······················································································································228
가. 분석 틀 / 228 나. 분석방법 / 229
4 지방교육재정의 확보 및 운용과정에서의 패러독스 현상 분석 ········································230
가. 재원확보 관련 쟁점 / 230 나. 재정 운용 관련 쟁점 / 234
다. 논의 / 237
5 향후 지방교육재정 확보 및 운용을 위한 제언 ··································································239
CHAPTER 09 인과관계: 자유학년(기)제의 정책 패러독스
1 자유학년(기)제 정책의 의도되지 않은 현상 ·······································································243
2 자유학년(기)제와 패러독스 ···································································································244
가. 중학교 자유학년(기)제 / 244
나. 인과관계 이론적 관점에서의 교육정책 패러독스 / 246
다. 분석 틀 / 248
3 연구방법 ··································································································································249
가. 문헌연구방법 / 249 나. 자료수집 및 분석 / 250
4 원인 패러독스 관점에 따른 중학교 자유학년제의 패러독스 분석 ··································251
가. 자유학년제 패러독스의 원인에 대한 상이한 관점 / 252
나. 자유학년제 패러독스를 둘러싼 이해관계자들의 원인 활용 / 262
5 결론 및 정책적 시사점 ··········································································································265
CHAPTER 10 이해관계: 사학정책의 패러독스
1 사학정책 이해의 새로운 관점 ······························································································272
2 문재인 정부 사학정책과 패러독스 ·······················································································272
가. 문재인 정부의 사학정책 / 272 나. 패러독스 관점 / 278
3 분석방법 ··································································································································282
가. 정책 패러독스와 내러티브의 연관성 / 283
나. 정책 내러티브의 구성요소와 전략 / 283
4 문재인 정부 사학정책의 패러독스 현상 분석 ····································································284
가. 정치적 대의와 동원과정에서 나타난 패러독스 / 284
나. 규범적 가치를 위한 정책 내러티브 활용과정에서 드러난 패러독스 / 288
다. 정책 효과의 비용과 강도 묘사 과정에서 나타난 패러독스 / 292
5 향후 사학정책을 위한 제언 ··································································································297
CHAPTER 11 의사결정: 대학등록금 정책변동의 패러독스
1 코로나19 이후 대학등록금 정책의 변동 ·············································································300
2 대학등록금 정책변동과 패러독스 ·························································································302
가. 대학등록금 정책의 변동과정 / 302 나. 패러독스 관점 / 305
3 분석 틀과 방법 ·····················································································································309
가. 분석의 틀 / 309 나. 자료수집 방법 / 310
다. 자료분석 방법 / 311
4 언론기사 분석결과와 패러독스 현상 ···················································································311
가. 대학등록금 반환에 관해 언론사별 기사 분석 / 311
나. 언론사 기사를 통해 표출된 학생·대학·정부의 입장 분석 / 313
다. 대학등록금 반환 논쟁 과정에서 나타난 패러독스 현상 / 317
5 정책적 시사점 ·························································································································321
PART 04 정책해결책과 패러독스
CHAPTER 12 인센티브: 교원성과급 정책의 패러독스
1 교원성과급 정책에 대한 새로운 접근 ·················································································329
2 교원성과급 정책과 패러독스 ································································································330
가. 교원성과급 정책 / 330 나. 정책 패러독스 / 332
다. 분석 틀 / 334
3 교원성과급 정책의 패러독스 현상 ·······················································································336
가. 교원성과급 정책에 대한 해석의 충돌 / 336
나. 보수를 구성하는 하위 체계의 충돌 / 339
다. 정책 설계자, 정책 집행자, 정책 대상자와의 간극 / 341
4 교원성과급 정책의 패러독스 발생 원인 ··············································································344
가. 하향식 접근(Top-down Approach)의 정책추진과정 / 344
나. 인센티브의 보상과 처벌을 동시에 내포하는 속성 / 346
다. 정책 설계자, 정책 집행자, 정책 대상자의 전략적 행위 / 347
5 정책적 시사점 ·························································································································349
CHAPTER 13 규칙: 학교업무정상화정책 시행 과정에서 나타난 패러독스
1 학교업무정상화정책에서 제기되는 문제들 ··········································································353
2 학교업무정상화정책과 패러독스 ···························································································354
가. 학교업무정상화 / 354 나. 학교업무정상화정책의 패러독스 현상 / 359
다. D. Stone의 ‘규칙’ 패러독스 / 361
3 연구방법 ··································································································································362
가. 질적 사례연구 / 362 나. 자료의 수집과 검증 / 362
4 ‘규칙’의 세가지 역설적 현상 ································································································364
가. 분석결과 / 364 나. 논의 / 369
5 정책적 시사점 ·························································································································370
CHAPTER 14 사실: 코로나19 대응정책의 패러독스
1 코로나19 대응정책 이해의 새로운 시각 ·············································································375
2 정책 패러독스의 이해와 분석 틀 ·························································································376
가. 정책 패러독스 현상 / 376 나. 정책수단으로서의 사실 / 378
다. 패러독스 현상 분석 틀 / 380
3 연구방법 ··································································································································382
가. 질적사례연구 / 382 나. 연구참여자 / 382
다. 자료수집 / 384 라. 자료 분석 / 385
4 코로나19 대응정책의 실행과정에서 나타난 패러독스 현상 ·············································386
가. 행위자로서의 교사의 고민 / 386 나. 학교조직과 교육정책에 대한 시선 / 391
5 정책적 시사점 ·························································································································394
CHAPTER 15 권리: 학생인권강화 정책의 패러독스
1 학생인권강화 정책의 새로운 이해 ·······················································································398
2 학생인권조례와 패러독스적 관점 ·························································································399
가. 학생인권조례의 제정 및 제도화 / 399 나. 패러독스 관점 / 401
다. 분석 틀 / 405
3 학생인권강화 정책의 패러독스 현상 발생 원인 ································································406
가. 학생인권강화 정책의 지나친 정치화 / 406
나. 보장과 침해의 요소를 동시에 내포하는 권리의 속성 / 407
다. 하향식(Top-down) 정책집행으로 인한 정책집행과 인권친화적 환경조성 간 괴리 408
4 학생인권강화 정책의 패러독스 결과 ···················································································410
가. 학생인권과 교권 간 갈등구도 형성 / 410 나. 적극적 실질 권리에 대한 논의 부재 / 412
5 정책적 시사점 ·························································································································413
CHAPTER 16 권력: 대입제도 개편과정에서의 패러독스
1 대입제도 개편과정의 새로운 검토 ·······················································································417
2 민주주의와 대입제도 개편과정의 패러독스 ········································································419
가. 대의민주주의와 숙의민주주의, 참여민주주의 / 419
나. Stone의 정책 패러독스와 ‘권력’ / 421 다. 분석 틀 / 425
3 대입제도 개편을 둘러싼 권력작용 ·······················································································431
가. 문재인 정부 이전: 효율성의 추구 / 431
나. 문재인 정부: 참여 확대 및 숙의민주주의 도입 시도 / 434
4 대입제도 개편 논의과정에서 나타난 패러독스 ··································································436
가. 참여 확대를 위한 의사결정 구조 전환과정에서 나타난 패러독스 / 436
나. 숙의 확대를 위한 의사결정 구조 전환과정에서 나타난 패러독스 / 438
5 정책적 함의 ····························································································································440
결장 교육정책 패러독스의 탐구 가능성과 과제
1 교육정책 패러독스의 이론 정립 ···························································································444
2 교육정책 패러독스의 연구방법 확장 ···················································································446
3 교육정책 패러독스의 실천적 기여 ·······················································································449
·참고문헌 ·····································································································································452
·찾아보기 ·····································································································································507
Author
신현석
고려대학교 교육학과 졸업(문학사)
미국 Wisconsin 대학교 대학원 교육행정학과 졸업(Ph.D)
한국교육정치학회, 한국교원교육학회, 한국교육행정학회 회장 역임
교육부 대학발전기획단장, 정책숙려제위원장, 정책자문위원 역임
고려대학교 기획예산처장, 사범대학 학장 및 교육대학원장 역임
현재 고려대학교 교육학과 교수, 한국교육학회 부회장
고려대학교 교육학과 졸업(문학사)
미국 Wisconsin 대학교 대학원 교육행정학과 졸업(Ph.D)
한국교육정치학회, 한국교원교육학회, 한국교육행정학회 회장 역임
교육부 대학발전기획단장, 정책숙려제위원장, 정책자문위원 역임
고려대학교 기획예산처장, 사범대학 학장 및 교육대학원장 역임
현재 고려대학교 교육학과 교수, 한국교육학회 부회장